章节简介

Over the course of its lifetime, Python has evolved an extensive ecosystem of modules intended to make the lives of Python developers easier by eliminating the need to build everything from scratch. That same philosophy has been applied to the tools developers use to do their work, even if they are not used in the final version of a program. This chapter covers the modules included with Python to provide facilities for common development tasks such as testing, debugging, and profiling.

The most basic form of help for a developer is the documentation for code they are using. The pydoc module generates formatted reference documentation from the docstrings included in the source code for any importable module.

Python includes two testing frameworks for automatically exercising code and verifying that it works correctly. doctest extracts test scenarios from examples included in documentation, either inside the source or as stand-alone files. unittest is a full-featured automated testing framework with support for fixtures, pre-defined test suites, and test discovery.

The trace module monitors the way Python executes a program, producing a report showing how many times each line was run. That information can be used to find code paths that are not being tested by an automated test suite, and to study the function call graph to find dependencies between modules.

Writing and running tests will uncover problems in most programs. Python helps make debugging easier, since in most cases unhandled errors are printed to the console as tracebacks. When a program is not running in a text console environment, traceback can be used to prepare similar output for a log file or message dialog. For situations where a standard traceback does not provide enough information, use cgitb to see details like local variable settings at each level of the stack and source context. cgitb can also format tracebacks in HTML, for reporting errors in web applications.

Once the location of a problem is identified, stepping through the code using the interactive debugger in the pdb module can make it easier to fix by showing what path through the code was followed to get to the error situation, and experimenting with changes using live objects and code.

After a program is tested and debugged so that it works correctly, the next step is to work on performance. Using profile and timeit, a developer can measure the speed of a program and find the slow parts so they can be isolated and improved.

It is important to indent source code consistently in a langauge like Python, where white-space is significant. The tabnanny module provides a scanner to report on ambiguous use of indentation, and can be used in tests to ensure that code meets a minimum standard before it is checked in to the source repository.

Python programs are run by giving the interpreter a byte-compiled version of the original program source. The byte-compiled versions can be created on-the-fly, or once when the program is packaged. The compileall module exposes the interface used by installation programs and packaging tools to create files containing the byte code for a module. It can be used in a development environment to make sure a file does not have any syntax errors and to build the byte-compiled files to package when the program is released.

At the source code level, the pyclbr module provides a class browser that can be used by a text editor or other program to scan Python source for interesting symbols such as functions and classes, without importing the code and potentially triggering side-effects.

Python virtual environments, managed by venv, define isolated environments for installing packages and running programs. They make it easy to test the same program with different versions of dependencies, and to install different programs with conflicting dependencies on the same computer.

Taking advantage of the large ecosystem of extension modules, frameworks, and tools available through the Python Package Index requires a package installer. Python’s package installer, pip, is not distributed with the interpreter, because of the long release cycle for the language compared to desired updates to the tool. The ensurepip module can be used to install the latest version of pip.